Indeed, thanks. Personally I've withdrawn from using the //i switch as a personal preference, as it can be easy to forget or accidentally tack-on at inopportune times. So I've disciplined myself to work with explicit case. Eg, you can see how I used $lower() in combination with /[a-z]/g, which reminds me that the entire string is already lowercase so I only need to use $upper in that $regsubex.